According to tradition, the consulship was initially reserved for patricians and only in 367 BC did plebeians win the right to stand for this supreme office, when the Lex Licinia Sextia provided that at least one consul each year should be plebeian. Caesar Marcus Aurelius Claudius Augustus, Imp. In the rare case that both consuls marched together, each one held the command for a day respectively. À l’origine. [16], One of the reforms of Constantine I (r. 306–337) was to assign one of the consuls to the city of Rome, and the other to Constantinople. In 719, the title of Roman consul was offered by the Pope to Charles Martel, although he refused it.
[6] Modern historians have questioned the traditional account of plebeian emancipation during the early Republic (see Conflict of the Orders), noting for instance that about thirty percent of the consuls prior to Sextius had plebeian, not patrician, names.

[11] If they were especially skilled or valued, they may even have achieved a second (or rarely, a third) consulate. Pinarius Aemilius Cicatricula Pompeius Longinus, M. Lollius Paulinus D. Valerius Asiaticus Saturninus, C. Pomponius Rufus Acilius [Pri]scus Coelius Sparsus, C. Julius Antiochus Epiphanes Philopappus, L. Catilius Severus Julianus Claudius Reginus, T. Julius Maximus Manlianus Brocchus Servilianus, Ser. Caesonius Nicomachus Anicius Paulinus Honorius, M. Maecius Memmius Furius Baburius Caecilianus Placidus, Q. Flavius Maesius Egnatius Lollianus Mavortius, Flavius Turcius Rufius Apronianus Asterius, Flavius Areobindus Dagalaiphus Areobindus, Flavius Anastasius Paulus Probus Sabinianus Pompeius Anastasius, Flavius Anastasius Paulus Probus Moschianus Probus Magnus, Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus Augustus, Flavius Marianus Michaelius Gabrielius Archangelius Johannes, Flavius Strategius Apion Strategius Apion, Flavius Mar.

Livy (5.32.1) calls him M. Aemilius Mamercinus, indicating he is a different person than the four-time consular tribune of 389 BC forward. Caesar Valerius Licinianus Licinius Augustus, Imp.

Therefore, when the Roman Empire was divided into two halves on the death of Theodosius I (r. 379–395), the emperor of each half acquired the right of appointing one of the consuls—although on occasion an emperor did allow his colleague to appoint both consuls for various reasons. Une fois enregistré, Livy (IV.23.1–3) states Julius and Verginius were consuls, based on the testimony of, Diodorus Siculus (XII.77.1) inserts the pair. The consul prior was the more senior and esteemed of the pair. I, pp. [6][7], Among the disputes which the decemvirs failed to resolve was the relationship between the patricians, Rome's hereditary aristocracy, and the plebeians, or common citizens. For instance, the year 59 BC in the modern calendar was called by the Romans "the consulship of Caesar and Bibulus", since the two colleagues in the consulship were Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus — although Caesar dominated the consulship so thoroughly that year that it was jokingly referred to as "the consulship of Julius and Caesar". [15], When the emperor assumed the consulship, he was necessarily consul prior. While the Rex Sacrorum inherited the kings’ position as high priest of the state, the consuls were given the civil and military responsibilities (imperium). Neue Diplome für Moesia und Moesia superior", Smallwood dates this consul "Before 116" (. To prevent open hostility between the two orders, the office of military tribune with consular power, or "consular tribune", was established. Claudius Atticus Herodes, Q. Licinius Modestinus (Sex.?) 206f, 219, Gallivan, "Fasti for A. D. 70-96", pp. Chr. Eck, "Diplome, Konsuln und Statthalter: Fortschritte und Problem der kaiserlichen Prosopographie". During the 440s, the office was quite often replaced with the establishment of the Consular Tribunes, who were elected whenever the military needs of the state were significant enough to warrant the election of more than the two usual consuls. Beginning in the late Republic, after finishing a consular year, a former consul would usually serve a lucrative term as a proconsul, the Roman Governor of one of the (senatorial) provinces. For a list of rulers of the Roman Empire, see, Roman Consuls of the East alone (535–887). Chr. There were two consuls in order to create a check on the power of any individual. Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 138 to 161 are taken from Werner Eck. Finally, I think we both agree that the Byzantine emperors …

[1] By tradition, these dictators laid down their office upon the completion of the task for which they were nominated, or after a maximum period of six months, and did not continue in office longer than the year for which the nominating consul had been elected. Caesar M. Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Augustus, Imp. They partially administered justice in extraordinary cases, and presented games in the Circus Maximus and all public solemnities in honor of the Emperor at their own expense.
Caesar Marcus Aurelius Probus Augustus, Imp. Background Republican consuls. Although his imperium was the same as his predecessor's, he was termed consul suffectus, in order to distinguish him from the consul ordinarius whom he replaced; but the eponymous magistrates for each year were normally the consules ordinarii.